REMEDIES IN SHRI KRISHNA’S GARDEN

Shri Krishna Meera Temple Nurpur, Himachal Pradesh

Shri Krishna, a multifaceted God in Hinduism and the eighth incarnation of Lord Vishnu, is worshiped by the majority of Hindus worldwide. He is said to be responsible for the preservation of the universe. He is often depicted as deeply connected with nature, including plants and animals. He is mostly portrayed under a tree with a flute, a peacock feather crown, and a Vaijayanti mala around his neck, which depicts his compassion for nature and harmony with all life forms.

Shri Vishnu Bhagwan in Lukshmi Narayan Temple Chamba, Himachal Pradesh

Our sacred literature contains magical stories of Shri Krishna roaming in forests and special references to plants like Kadamb, Parijat, Tulsi, Vaijayanti, Kamal, and many others. Shri Krishna speaks of himself as a source of all creation, including the natural world in the Shri Bhagavad Gita, which emphasizes the interconnectedness of everything in the ecosystem. Sacred plants have been revered across all cultures of the world for centuries and are associated with innumerable spiritual practices, healing rituals and traditional ecological wisdom of the communities. Associating essential components of ecosystems with Gods and Goddesses plays an important role in their conservation. Many keystone species, including both trees and animals, have been associated with Gods, Goddesses, Planets, Zodiacs, Nakshatras, Tribes and Festivals in India and are worshiped by the devotees. Sacred groves, patches of forests preserved for spiritual reasons, often have higher biodiversity than the adjoining areas, indicating the importance of the divinity of life forms. Some of the venerated plants associated with Shri Krishna and their healing properties are discussed below:

1. TULSI

Tulsi or holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum; Family: Lamiaceae), an annual delicate holy herb extensively cultivated in the courtyards, is worshipped as an embodiment of the goddess Lakshmi and is dear to Shri Krishna. Tulsi is also associated with Vrinda, an ardent devotee of Vishnu. Offering Tulsi leaves to Shri Krishna is considered highly auspicious. It is one of the most important medicinal plants in India. It is an excellent remedy for respiratory problems, digestive ailments and skin diseases. Recent experimental studies have proved it to be a promising immunomodulator, potent anti-microbial and anticancer agent.

2. KADAMB

Most of the old literature mentions Neolamarckia cadamba as the Kadamb tree of Shri Krishna. However, recent correlations, new evidence and phytographic surveys point out that the true kadamb tree of Shri Krishna in Vrindavan is Mitragyna parvifolia. Our sacred literature is full of interesting tales of Sri Krishna’s childhood, where He is depicted as playing flute and playing with Radha and other Gopis under a Kadamba tree.

True Kadamb or Kaim (Mitragyna parvifolia; Family: Rubiaceae) is a medium-sized tree (up to 15m) with a spreading canopy (over 5 m). Its fragrant flowers are yellow and organised in ball-shaped heads (1-2 cm). True kadam is medicinally important plant with anti-arthritic, antipyretic, anticonvulsant, anthelmintic, anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, antiproliferative and antioxidant properties.

True kadamb or Kaim

Kadamb or burflower-tree (Neolamarckia cadamba; Family: Rubiaceae) is a large less branched tree growing up to 45 m tall. The flowers are sweetly fragrant, red to orange in colour and arranged in dense, globular heads (up to 5.5 cm). This plant is also medicinally important. It is considered useful in many diseases such as diabetes, anaemia, infections, stomatitis, leprosy and cancer.

Kadamb or burflower-tree

3. PARIJAT

Parijata or the coral jasmine tree (Nyctanthes arbor-tristis; Family: Oleaceae) is a small-sized tree with highly fragrant flowers. Parijat is considered a divine tree by the Hindus. It is associated with Lord Shri Krishna, the 'Kanha of Gopis. ' The legends say that Shri Krishna brought the Parijat tree from the heaven of Indra Dev and planted it in the courtyard of Satyabhama to placate her. Despite having the tree in her courtyard, the flowers of the tree used to fall into the adjacent backyard of Rukmini, the favourite wife of Shri Krishna. Parijat is one of the most important medicinal plants in India and finds uses in many traditional systems of medicine. Medicinal uses of Parijat include usefulness in diabetes, arthritis, analgesic properties, hepatoprotective properties, immunomodulatory effect, anti-viral and antibacterial properties.

4. KAMAL

Kamal, Padma or Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera; Family: Nelumbonaceae) is a herbaceous hydrophyte with large floating leaves and pinkish flowers. It holds great importance in Hinduism and Buddhism. Shri Krishna is often depicted sitting on a blooming lotus, signifying his transcendence over the material world. Medicinal uses of kamal include anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective and anti-cancer properties.

Kamal

5. PEEPAL

Peepal, Ashvattha or Sacred Fig (Ficus religiosa; Family: Moraceae) is a medium-sized tree found throughout the Indian sub-continent. Legends say that Shri Krishna enchanted his fellow cowherds with captivating melodies of his flute under a peepal tree. Medicinal uses of peepal include antidiabetic, cognitive enhancer, wound healing, anticonvulsant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antimicrobial, antiviral, hypolipidemic, immunomodulatory, antiasthmatic, antitumor and antiulcer properties.

Peepal

6. BARGAD

Bargad, Vat or Banyan Tree (Ficus benghalensis; Family: Moraceae) is a large-sized evergreen tree with a broad canopy. It is commonly worshiped in India by the Hindus and Buddhists. Bargad is said to have provided respite to Shri Krishna and his friends from the scorching heat of the Sun during their childhood. This tree symbolizes the nurturing and safeguarding aspect of Krishna's divine presence. Medicinal properties include anti-thrombotic action, anti-atherogenic activity, hypolipidemic action, hypotensive effect, anti-inflammatory potential, and antioxidant activity.

Banyan tree

7. MAULSARI

Maulsari, Bakul or Spanish cherry (Mimusops elengi; Family: Sapotaceae) is a very beautiful medium-sized tree with a round and dense canopy. The sweet-smelling flowers of Maulsari are offered to Lord Vishnu and his incarnations by the Hindus. A large number of medicinal properties have been reported for the maulsari plant, which include antibacterial, antifungal, anticariogenic, antihyperglycemic, antineoplastic, gastroprotective, antinociceptive and diuretic effects.

Maulsari or Bakul (Photo source: Wikipedia)

8. NEEM

Neem (Azadirachta indica; Family: Meliaceae), a plant with innumerable medicinal properties, is also associated with Shri Krishna. He is depicted as chewing neem leaves in some tales. Neem, colloquially called the ‘village pharmacy’, is reported to have anti-inflammatory, antiarthritic, antipyretic, hypoglycaemic, antigastric ulcer, antifungal, antibacterial, antimalarial, immunomodulatory and antitumour properties.

Neem 

Shri Krishna bearing Viajayanti mala

Prunella: Healing with Self-Heal

 

Self-heal, botanically known as Prunella vulgaris (Family- Lamiaceae), is a relative unknown but a medicinal herb occurring in high altitude (1500-3600 m) meadows and open grassy slopes in the Himalayas, sub-temperate and temperate Asia and Europe. It is widely used in traditional Western and Chinese herbal medicine for curing many diseases and thus gets its common name, self-heal or heal all.

Common Names

English: Self-heal, Common selfheal, Heal-all, Common heal-all, Carpenter weed, Heart-of-the-earth, Aleutian selfheal, Touch and heal (indicating its value as first aid for cuts and wounds) Pahari: Gudli (Bharmour), Neela ghungru ghas (Mandi, Kullu), Ustakhadus (Spiti) Kashmiri: Kalyuth

 

MORPHOLOGY

Self-heal is a small, creeping, non-aromatic and perennial herb that grows up to 30 cm tall. The stem is quadrangular and covered with fine hair. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs and each pair is at right angles to the pairs above and below them. The leaves are oval to lanceolate, serrated, covered with fine hair and measure  2.5 cm long and 1.5 cm wide. The inflorescence is dense and whirled cluster with a pair of stalkless leaves below. It flowers during the summers and rainy season. There are usually three flowers per bract. The bracts and calyx are purplish in colour. The corolla is violet or pink in colour,  bi-lipped and is 10–14 cm long. The upper lip forms a concave purple hood. The lower lip is lightly coloured and has three lobes. Seeds are smooth, shiny and brown nutlets. 

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

Self-heal contains triterpenoids (oleanane, ursane, lupane), flavonoid (quercetin, hesperidin, kaempferol, luteolin, homoorientin, cynaroside), phenylpropanoids (phenylpropionic acids and coumarins), sterols (sitosterol and stigmasterol), coumarins, carbohydrates, organic acids (linoleic acid, linolenic acid and arachidic acid), quinones (tanshinone I, rhein, chrysophanic acid, 2-hydroxyl-3-methyanraquinone) and volatile oils (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes and their oxygenated derivatives). 

EDIBLE USES

Leaves are used in soups and fresh or dried inflorescence is brewed in herbal teas in western countries.

MEDICINAL USES

1. Useful in Migraine

Self-heal is used to cure migraines in the Kashmir Himalayas.

 2.  Anti-Inflammatory Activity

Self-heal has been reported to fight inflammation in the human body. Experimental studies with self-heal on human heart muscle cells have shown it suppresses the activity of inflammatory proteins responsible for heart diseases and stroke. It can also protect human beings against inflammatory diseases like colitis, diarrhoea, stomach pain and rectal bleeding.

 3. Antibacterial Activity

Various experiments have shown that self-heal has remarkable antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria, especially against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella typhi.

 4. Antiviral Activity

Some studies have shown that self-heal has antiviral activity against HIV, Ebola virus and SARS-coronavirus 2 (SCoV-2).

 5. Anti-Tumour Properties

A large number of recent scientific studies have shown that self-heal has anti-tumour properties. The triterpenoids, flavonoids and phenylpropanoids present in this plant have synergistic therapeutic effect against many types of cancers mediated through multiple pathways including arresting of cell cycle, anti-proliferation, apoptosis and anti-angiogenesis.

 6. Useful in Autoimmune Thyroiditis

Self-heal is used for treating thyroid diseases, especially autoimmune thyroiditis in traditional Chinese medicine. Scientific studies have also yielded similar results in experimental animals. 

7. Useful in Flu and Fever

Traditional healers in western countries use the leaves and flower spikes for curing flu and fever. 

8. Wound Healing

Self-heal has a long history of use in traditional European medicine for healing wounds, cuts and bruises. 

SHYONAK: A Plant with Incredible Medicinal Value

 

Shyonak or the Indian trumpet tree is one of the most important medicinal plants in Indian and Chinese systems of medicine. Botanically known as Oroxylum indicum, it belongs to the Jacaranda family (Bignoniaceae). It has been used for centuries in traditional medicinal systems in India, China and other Southeast Asian countries for the prevention and treatment of several diseases, such as jaundice, arthritic, rheumatic problems, gastric ulcers, tumours, respiratory diseases, diabetes, and diarrhoea and dysentery, among others. Its seeds adorn the beautiful green Pahari Caps worn by the people from Kinnaur in Himachal Pradesh, where they call its winged seeds Kinnauri phool.

NAMES IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES
• English: Indian trumpet tree, Indian caper, Indian trumpet flower, Broken bones tree (fallen large-sized leaf stalks collect near the base of the trunk, appearing like a pile of broken limb bones), Scythe tree, Tree of Damocles, Laminated paper, Midnight horror (because its flowers open at night, emitting foul stink that attracts bats to facilitate pollination)
• Hindi: Bhut-vriksha, Dirghavrinta, Kutannat, Manduk, Patrorn, Putivriksh, Shallak, Shuran, Son, Sonpatha, Saona, Vatuk, Urru, Arlu, Ullu
• Sanskrit: Shyonak, Aralu
• Punjabi: Mulin, Tatmorang
• Pahari: Tatplang, Tatplanga (Kangra, Hamirpur, Una), Tarlu, Tat madenga (Bilaspur), Tat madhyanga, Tat modhinga (Bhaghli), Arlu, Aerlu (Bilaspur), Tat badinga (Sirmaur), Alse Alsu ri tata (Mandi)

• Dogri: Tantaan
• Assamese: Toguna, Bhatghila, Dingari
• Bengali: Sona, Nanosa, Sonpatti
• Gujrati: Aralu, Tentu
• Kannada: Bunepale, Sonepatta, Tigdu, Tigade, Tattuna, Anangi, Alangi, Patagani, Salaa
• Konkani: Davamadak
• Malayalam: Palaqapayyani, Vashrppathiri, Vellappathiri , Palakappayyani, Vella, Pathiri
• Manipuri: Shamba
• Marathi: Tayitu, Tetu, Tentu
• Mizo: Archangkawm
• Nepali: Tatelo
• Oriya: Phapni, Phonphonia
• Singhali: Totila, Thotila
• Tamil: Chori-Konnai, Palai-y-Utaicci, Puta-Puspam, Cari-konnai, Kalai-y-utaicci, Puta-puspam, Achi, Pana, Pei-maram, Venga maram, Peruvaagai
• Telugu: Manduka-Parnamu, Pampena, Suka-Nasamu, Tundilamu , Dundilamu, Pampini, Nemali, Chettu
Source: eFloraofIndias, Flowers of India, Wealth of India

A mature Shyonak tree

DISTRIBUTION

The Indian trumpet tree is native to the Indian subcontinent, growing to the Himalayan foothills up to an altitude of 1200 metres above mean sea level. It has also been introduced into Trinidad and Tobago.

Leaves of Shyonak

Leaf stalks resemble broken human limb bones and thus this plant is also called a "Broken bones tree"

(Photo courtesy: Jaydip D. Gadhiya, MS University of Baroda)

MORPHOLOGY

The Indian trumpet tree is a semi-deciduous tree growing to a height of up to 25m. The trunk has grey-brown bark with leaf scars of fallen leaf stalks. The leaves are large, compound, 2 – 4-pinnate, imparipinnate and range in length from 50 to 130 cm. The leaflets are ovate to oblong, with an entire leaf margin, acute to acuminate leaf tip and unequal to cuneate leaf base. They have 4 – 5 pairs of lateral veins, glands scattered on the underside of young and some mature leaves and are mostly 4 – 11 cm long and 3 – 9 cm wide. As the leaves fall, the leafless stalks break apart at the joints and resemble the appearance of limb bones and the plant gets its name broken bone tree. Inflorescence is a long, erect, and terminal raceme, measuring about 25 – 150 cm long. The flowers are large, brownish-yellow to purplish in colour, funnel-shaped, 7 – 10 cm in size. They open at night and emit a foul smell to attract bats for pollination and wilt before sunrise. Calyx is purple, campanulate, 2.2-4.5 X 2-3 cm in size, glabrous, and becomes semi-woody in fruits. Corolla is brownish yellow to purplish in colour, broad tubular with distinct lobes, tube fleshy and 3-9 X 1-1.5 cm in size. Corolla tube is bilipped, upper lip 2-lobed, lower lip 3-lobed and lobes are reflexed. Five stamens are hairy and inserted in the middle of the corolla tube. The ovary is fleshy, 5-lobed, and has a 2-parted stigma. Fruits is a woody, compressed, sword-shaped capsule that measures 40-120 X 5-10 cm in size. Seeds are rounded with papery wings and measure 5-9 X 3-4 cm in size.

Seedpods/Capsule

Seeds of Shyonal

MYTHOLOGY

Indian trumpet tree is deeply nestled in the mythology of India and other countries of the Indian subcontinent. The winged seeds are strung together and offered to the gods and goddesses in Buddhism. In Assam, people hang its branches over their house entrances to ward off evil spirits. The tribal people of central India keep the seedpods of this plant in their houses with the belief that snakes will not enter them in their presence.  They also keep small snakes made up of its root wood for the same purpose. Those people also believe that keeping flowers of the Indian trumpet tree in their homes will protect them against evil spirits. Some people in the Himalayas hang garlands made up of winged seeds of Indian trumpet trees from the roof of their homes with the belief that it will protect them. In some areas, winged seeds are strung as ornaments on idols in the temples. This plant has special importance during marriages in Nepal and Laos.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

Indian trumpet tree contains diverse bioactive phytochemicals in its different parts, which are directly associated with its healing properties. It is reported to contain various types of flavonoids, glycosides, alkaloids, tannins, terpenoids, saponins, phenols, quinines, etc. Baicalein (5,6,7-trihydroxyflavone), a flavone flavonoid is the most abundant compound present in all parts of this plant and is a dominant bioactive compound. Other major bioactive compounds are prunetin (isoflavone), sitosterol (sterol), oroxindin (flavone), oroxylin-A (methylated flavone), biochanin-A (methylated isoflavone), ellagic acid (polyphenol), tetuin (flavone), anthraquinone, and emodin.

Flowers of Shyonak

(Photograph courtesy: Prof. Soumana Datta, Jaipur)

USES

I. CULINARY USE

All parts of the Indian trumpet tree are edible and find use in various dishes in Indian Subcontinent. Flower buds, open flowers and tender seedpods can be cooked as a vegetable or can be pickled. Young seedpods are grilled, and seeds are eaten in Thailand and Laos. Flowers and tender pods are cooked as vegetable by the Bodos of Northeast India and the Chakma tribe in the Chittagong hills. It is a popular vegetable in the southeast Asian country Java. People use the mature seeds to make chub liang, a refreshing drink.

Shyonak flower vegetable

(Photograph courtesy: Prof. Soumana Datta, Jaipur)

II. CULTURAL USES

Beautiful Pahari caps adorned with Shyonak seeds

People from Kinnaur district and adjacent areas in Himachal Pradesh use winged seeds of the Indian trumpet tree as an accessory on their traditional Himachali caps. These seeds are called Kinnauri phool and are mostly sourced from Riwalsar area in Mandi (H.P.), which may be due to the religious association of Buddhists (People in Kinnaur follow Buddhism and Hinduism) with this place. Indian trumpet tree is a sacred plant in Buddhism where its seeds strung together and are offered to gods and goddesses. Another belief in the area is that Kinnauri Phool will protect them. Earlier, Kinnauri phool was used on the caps only by the well-off families as a status symbol as it was difficult to source shyonak fruits in old times. Now, it has become a fashion and can be easily procured from Bilaspur, Kangra, Hamirpur, Mandi, Solan and Sirmaur districts.

Himachali cap adorned with Kinnauri phool gifted by Prof. G.C. Negi ji

III. AGROFORESTRY USES

The Indian trumpet tree is a fast-growing species. It can be used as a pioneer species within its native range for restoring woodland on degraded soils. It is also a suitable species for the consolidation of terraces and slopes.

IV. MEDICINAL USES

1. As a Tonic and Rasayana Drug

The bark of the Indian trumpet tree is considered a Rasāyana drug (which focuses on restoring and rejuvenating health through plant-derived medicines). Its roots are integral parts of Ayurvedic preparation Dashmularishta, a widely used health tonic.

Dashmularist

Photograph source: Dabur India (https://www.dabur.com/our-brand/dabur-dashmularishta)

2. Anti-Cancer Activity

The bark extract of the Indian trumpet tree is reported to have anti-cancerous activity on different types of human cancer cell lines in many experimental studies. The different phytochemicals present in this plant Inhibit the proliferation of cancer cells and induce apoptotic cell death. The stem bark flavonoids baicalein, chrysin and oroxylin A are reported to inhibit the activity of endoprotease and proprotein convertase enzymes which play a key role in the growth of cancers. Flavonoid baicalin (baicalein 7-D-β-glucuronate) has growth-inhibitory effects on several human cancer cell lines through apoptosis in vitro studies and is considered the most bioactive phytochemical.

3. Neuroprotective Effect

Experimental studies with Indian trumpet tree extract (Sabroxy) containing 10% oroxylin A, 6% chrysin, and 15% baicalein have shown that this plant has neuroprotective properties. It possesses antioxidant activity and decreases the damage caused by the exacerbation of radicals during neurodegeneration. It works by over-expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and additive or synergistic effects of phytoconstituents via five possible targets including GABA, Adenoside A2A and estrogen receptor bindings, anti-inflammatory effects, and reduced mitochondrial ROS production.

4. Useful in Auto-Immune Diseases

Baicalin present in the bark of the Indian trumpet tree is suggested to be a promising natural immunosuppressive compound for treating inflammatory auto-immune diseases. It works by up-regulating Foxp3 (forkhead/winged-helix transcription factor) mRNA expression in experimental studies with HEK 293 T cells and promotes Treg (regulatory T-cells, formerly known as suppressor T cells) cell differentiation for maintaining self-tolerance and regulating immune system homeostasis. Experimental evidence suggests that Treg cells inhibit the function of Th1, Th2, Th17, and other effector cells, thus inhibiting inflammation and preventing autoimmunity.

5. Analgesic Properties

In traditional Indian medicine, the boiled leaves of the Indian trumpet tree are used as a poultice during and after childbirth.

6. Anti Asthmatic Potential

Recent experimental studies have shown strong anti-asthmatic activity of the stem bark of the Indian trumpet tree. It possibly works through membrane stabilization as well as its anti-histaminic potential.

7. Anti-Allergic Properties

Indian trumpet tree (bark) is used in the treatment of allergic conditions, urticaria and asthma. Fresh bark paste is externally applied on allergic dermatitis.

8. Antibacterial Activity

The stem bark extract has been reported to have potent anti-bacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus subtills, Staphylococcus aureus, Sarcina lutea, E. coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi, Shigella boydii, Shigella dysenteriae and Vibrio mimicus.

9. Antidiabetic Activity

Indian trumpet tree has been reported to possess anti-diabetic properties in experimental animal models.

10. Anti-helminthic Activity

Indian trumpet tree has been reported to possess anti-helminthic activity in experimental studies.

Shyonal/ Indian trumpet tree bark 

(Photograph source: Amazon India)

11. Anti-Inflammatory Properties

A lot of research has been conducted to ascertain the anti-inflammatory properties of the Indian trumpet tree and reported it to be effective in managing inflammatory conditions.

12. Antioxidant Properties

Indian trumpet tree contains many bioactive phytochemicals which have good antioxidant activity.

13. Cognition-Enhancing Effects

Recent human trials with 60-85-year-old men and women in Australia have provided very encouraging results of Indian trumpet tree phytochemicals in improving cognitive function in older adults with self-reported cognitive complaints. The trial group was treated with 500 mg Sabroxy (10% oroxylin A, 6% chrysin, and 15% baicalein) for 12-week twice daily. The trial group responded very well to the treatment with greater improvements in episodic memory and a faster rate of learning.

14. For Birth Control

The bark of the Indian trumpet tree has been used for birth control in the North-Eastern part of the country for ages. Recent pharmacological studies on female rats have reported that it has abortifacient and anti-implantation activity through the regulation of gonadotropic releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels.

15. Gastroprotective Activity

Indian trumpet tree is considered to have a gastroprotective activity. It has been reported to significantly reduce gastric ulceration against ethanol-induced gastric damage.

16. Hepatoprotective Activity

The bark of the Indian trumpet tree is used in liver-related problems in Indian traditional folk medicine. The leaf, stem and root bark extracts have also shown significant hepatoprotective activity against CCl4 and paracetamol-induced liver damage in experimental animals.

Photograph source: Patanjali Ayurved, Haridwar

17. Hypolipidemic Effect

Experimental studies on rats have shown that bark extract of the Indian trumpet tree reduces the body weight, total cholesterol, triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in the animals, while it increases the high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.

18. Immunomodulatory Activity

The immunomodulatory activity of the Indian trumpet tree can be attributed to its ability to enhance specific immune responses (both humeral and cell-mediated) as well as to its antioxidant potential.

19. Nephroprotective Activity

The root and leaf decoction of the Indian trumpet tree are used to remove kidney stones in the Indian system of medicine. It has been reported to play a protective role against cisplatin-induced renal injury in Wistar male albino rats. The nephroprotective activity has been assigned to different flavonoids present in the bark.

20. Useful in Cough

Indian trumpet tree is considered useful in bronchitis and chronic coughs due to its ability to clear congestion and improve breathing.

Shyonal fruits in Nurpur

AYURVEDIC PREPARATION

Dasamularistha, Syonaka putapaka, Syonaka sidda ghrta, Brhatpancamulyadi kvatha, Amartarista, Dantyadyarista, Narayana Taila, Dhanawantara Ghrita, Brahma Rasayana, Chyavanaprasa, etc.

TOXICITY

Literature indicates that Indian trumpet tree extract taken in physiologically relevant doses (3-6 grams bark powder or 50-100 ml decoction or 250-500 mg capsules/tablets taken twice a day) do not have any adverse effects on serum parameters, liver and kidney (1). However, studies on animal models have shown that fruit extract may cause acute liver toxicity in doses above 2 g/kg body weight (2). Leaf extract in doses above 0.5 g/kg body weight exhibits sub-acute toxicity in animal models (3).

DISCLAIMER

This blog is for informational purposes only. Readers are advised to consult registered medical practitioners before using plant-based medicine.

Top view of Shyonal tree

REFERENCES

1. Bhakti, S., Rashmi, A., Yash, N. and Tejas, G. 2015. Evaluation of Anti Asthmatic Potential of Methanolic Extract of Stem Bark of Oroxylum indicum Vent, J. Pharma Research 4(5): 193-196.
2. Chan, F.L., Choi, H.L., Chen, Z.Y., Chan, P.S.F. and Huang, Y. 2000. Induction of apoptosis in prostate cancer cell lines by a flavonoid, baicalin. Cancer Letters 160 (2): 219-228.
3. Harminder, Singh, V., and Chaudhary, A.K. 2011. A Review on the Taxonomy, Ethnobotany, Chemistry and Pharmacology of Oroxylum indicum Vent. Indian J. Pharmaceutical Sciences 73 (5): 483–490.
4. Daniel, M. 2013. Useful Herbs of Planet Earth. Scientific Publisher (India), Jodhpur
5. Das, B., Mahapatra, M., Gurung, B., Dey, A., Nongalleima, K., Das, S., Talukdar, A.D., Chowdhury, A., Choudhury, M.D. and Deb, L. 2024. Antifertility activity of Oroxylum indicum Vent. stem bark on female Wistar rats. Ind. J. Traditional Knowledge 23 (2): 198-199.
6. Dinda, B., SilSarma, I., Dinda, M. and Rudrapaul, P. 2015. Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz, an important Asian traditional medicine: From traditional uses to scientific data for its commercial exploitation. J. Ethnopharmacology 161: 255-278.
7. Doshi, K., Ilanchezhian, R., Acharya, R., Patel, B. R. and Ravishankar, B. 2012. Anti-inflammatory activity of root bark and stem bark of Shyonaka. J. Ayurveda and Integrative Medicine. 3 (4): 194–197.
8. Facciola. S. 1998. Cornucopia II. Kampong Publications, California.
9. Hari Babu, T., Manjulatha, K., Suresh Kumar, G., Hymavathi, A., Tiwari, A. K., Purohit, M., Suresh Babu, K. 2010. Gastroprotective flavonoid constituents from Oroxylum indicum Vent. Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters 20(1): 117–120.
10. Hengpratom, T., Kupittayanant, S., Churproong, S. and Eumkeb, G. 2022. Lipid-lowering effect of Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurz extract in hyperlipidemic mice. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 12(4): 148-155.
11. Konsue, A. and Katisart, T. 2021. Acute Toxicity of Oroxylum indicum Fruit Extracts in Rats. Pharmacognosy Magazine 17:545-551.
12. Lopresti, A.L., Smith, S.J., Majeed, M. and Drummond, P.D. 2021. Effects of an Oroxylum indicum Extract (Sabroxy R) on Cognitive Function in Adults with Self-reported Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study. Front. Ageing Neuroscience. 13:728360. doi: 10.3389/fnagi.2021.728360
13. Mairuae, N., Buranrat, B., Yannasithinon, S. and Cheepsunthorn, P. 2024. Oroxylum indicum Kurz (L) leaf extract exerted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects on LPS-stimulated BV2 microglial cells. Tropical J. Pharmaceutical Research 23(9):1409-1415.
14. Menon, S., Albaqami, J.J., Hamdi, H., Lawrence, L., Padikkala, J., Mathew, S.E. and Narayanankutty, A. 2023. Oroxylum indicum Vent Root Bark Extract Inhibits the Proliferation of Cancer Cells and induces apoptotic Cell Death. Processes 11(1), 188. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr11010188
15. Van Dan, N. and Thi Nhu, D. 1989. Medicinal Plants in Vietnam. World Health Organisation.
16. Sreedharan, S., Pande, A., Pande, A., Majeed, M. and Cisneros-Zevallos, L. 2024. The Neuroprotective Effects of Oroxylum indicum Extract in SHSY-5Y Neuronal Cells by Upregulating BDNF Gene Expression under LPS Induced Inflammation. Nutrients 16, 1887.https://doi.org/10.3390/nu16121887.
17. Storrs, A. and Storrs, J. (1990). Trees and Shrubs of Nepal and the Himalayas. Pilgrims Books House.
18. Tropical Plants Database, Ken Fern. tropical.theferns.info. 2025-01-05. <tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Oroxylum+indicum>
19. Yang, J., Yang, X. & Li, M. 2012. Baicalin, a natural compound, promotes regulatory T cell differentiation. BMC Complement. Altern. Med. 12, 64. https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6882-12-64

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JYOTISHMATI: Cures Inflammation and Pain

 

Jyotishmati, botanically known as Celastrus paniculatus (family- Celastraceae), is a large and woody deciduous twining shrub. It is variously used in many traditional medicinal systems and Ayurveda for managing pain and local inflammation. 

NAMES IN DIFFERENT LANGUAGES

English:  Intellect plant, Black oil plant, Staff tree, Climbing staff tree Hindi: Malkangni, Malkunki, Sankhu Sanskrit: Jyotishmati, Alavana, Maalkaanguni, Kanguni, Kangunika, Katumbhi, Kaakaandaki, Katuveeka, Paravatpadi, Svarnalatikaa, Vanhiruchi Pahari: Sankheeru Bengali: Kijri, Kondgaidh, Lataphataki, Malkangni, Sankhu Malyalam: Ceruppunna, Ceruppunnari, Palulavum, Uzhinja, Valulavum, Valuzhavam Marathi: Dhimarbel, Kangani, Malkanguni, Pigavi Tamil: Adibaricham, Kagodagi, Kalambam, Kaligam, Kirumikkundram, Kungiligam, Manjakodi, Gundumida, Manirteega, Peddamaveru, Palleru, Vaaluluvai Urdu: Malkangni

 Jyotishmati plants trained as bushes by Dr. Vipan Guleria, Associate Director, Regional Horticultural Research Station, Jachh, Dist. Kangra (H.P.)

 DISTRIBUTION

Jyotishmati is native to Indian Sub-continent including India, Bangladesh, Cambodia, South-Central and Southeast China, Jawa, Laos, Lesser Sunda Island, Malaya, Myanmar, Nepal, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Sumatera, Taiwan, Thailand and Vietnam growing up to 2000m above mean sea level on the forest slopes. 

MORPHOLOGY

Jyotishmati is a large deciduous twining shrub. The stem bark is pale brown, rough, cracked and exfoliates into small scales. The branchlets have prominent elliptic lenticels. Leaves are simple with elliptic, oblong, rectangular, ovate, or obovate leaf blades which are 5-10 × 2.5-5 cm in size. The leaf base is cuneate, margin serrate and apex mucronate to acuminate. Secondary veins are in 5-7 pairs. Inflorescence is a terminal thyrse, 5-10 cm long. Flowers are minute, greenish, 5-merous and dioecious. Sepals are free, imbricate and semiorbicular. Petals are oblong to obovate-rectangular. Stamens are inserted on the margin of the disk. The ovary is globose. Fruit is a globose, 3-6-seeded capsule measuring 1-1.3 cm in diameter, yellow in colour when ripe. Seeds are elliptic, 3.5-5.5 × 2-5 mm in size and are covered with orange-red aril. 

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

Jyotishmati is reported to contain sterols (β-sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol, α-tocopherol, γ-Tocopherol), terpenoids (β-amyrin, Lupeol, Pristimerin), carbohydrate, alkaloid (Celastrine, Celapanin, Celapagin, and paniculatin), phenolic compounds, several sesquiterpenes, fatty acid (palmitic, stearic, oleic, linoleic, linolenic acids) and non-fatty acids (Benzoic acid, Cinnamic acid).

MEDICINAL USES 

1. Folk Medicinal Uses
Jyotishmati fruits and seeds are widely used in folk medicine for treating rheumatism, bleeding haemorrhoids (piles), diarrhoea and leprosy. The seed oil is also used for hair growth.

2. Improves Memory and Prevents Dementia
Jyotishmati is reported to improve memory, concentration, alertness, and cognitive functions. Various studies using fruits, seeds and oil in experimental animals have shown that it slows down the progress of dementia by preventing neural cell damage through its antioxidant properties. The exact mechanism of action on neurons is still unknown.

3. Hypolipidemic Effect
Recent experimental studies on animal models have reported that oral administration of methanolic seed extract of Jyotishmati reduces the plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides and LDL cholesterol. The atherogenic index and liver weight of treated animals decreased, while the HDL cholesterol level substantially increased as compared to a control group.

(Photograph source: www.meesho.com)

4. Anti-Inflammatory Properties
Jyotishmati seeds possess significant anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive (pain-reducing) properties and are useful in managing joint inflammation and pain when applied externally. Some healers also recommend it for osteoarthritis.

5. Sedation and Anti-Convulsion Activity
Experimental studies on animal models have shown Jyotishmati to possess sedative and anti-convulsion activity.

6. Anti-Fungal Activity
Jyotishmati seed oil has shown anti-fungal activity against various pathogenic fungi.

7. Anti-Bacterial Activity
Aqueous extract and oil of Jyotishmati are reported to exhibit potent anti-bacterial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Corynebacterium diphtheriae, Salmonella typhi, Escherichia coli, Proteus vulgaris, Bacillus cereus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, etc.

8. Wound Healing Property
The triterpene compounds present in the leaves of Jyotishmati are reported to have good wound-healing properties.

9. As Aphrodisiac
The practitioners of Unani medicine consider seeds of Jyotishmati as potent aphrodisiacs.

10. Useful in Insomnia
Jyotishmati seeds and oil are considered to have anti-stress and calming properties and are thus useful in insomnia.

 TOXICITY

Toxicity studies with Celastrus paniculatus have shown no sign of toxicity in many experimental animals. It is reported to be safe up to a dose level of 2000 mg/kg in various experiments (1). Another study with a single administered dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight was also reported to be nontoxic (2). It is reported to have antispermatogenic action in rats (3). Readers are advised not to use this plant without consulting registered medical practitioners.

REFERENCES

Akbar, S (2020). Handbook of 200 Medicinal Plants: A Comprehensive Review of Their Traditional Medical Uses and Scientific Justifications. Springer.

Bhanumathy, M; Harish, MS; Shivaprasad, HN and Sushma, G. (2010). Nootropic activity of Celastrus paniculatus seed. Pharmaceutical Biology 48(3): 324-327.

Bidwai, PP;  Wangoo, D and Bhullar, N. (1990). Antispermatogenic action of Celastrus paniculatus seed extract in rat with reversible changes in the liver. J Ethnopharmacol. 28:293–303.

Kulkarni, YA; Agarwal, S and Garud, MS. (2015) Effect of Jyotishmati (Celastrus paniculatus) seeds in animal models of pain and inflammation. J Ayurveda Integr Med 15 (6):82-88.

Kumar, MH and Gupta, YK. (2002). Antioxidant property of Celastrus paniculatus  Wild.: A possible mechanism in enhancing cognition. Phytomedicine 9(4):302-11.

Mishra, B; John, E; Joy, K; Badmanaban, R and Aleesha, R. (2020). Toxicity profile of Celastrus paniculatus seeds: A preclinical study. Asian J Pharm Clin Res  13( 7):  115-118  

Patil, RH; Prakash, K and Maheshwari, VL. (2010). Hypolipidemic Effect of Celastrus paniculatus in Experimentally Induced Hypercholesterolemic Wistar Rats. Ind J Clin Biochem. 25: 405–410.

Sharma, GN; Kaur, H;  Shrivastava, B and Arora, SC. (2020). A review from historical to current-Celastrus paniculatus. Int. J. Pharm. Pharm. Sci. 12(8): 15-20.

Shen, Y; Chen, B-L; Zhang, Q-X;  Zheng, Y and Fu, Q. (2019). Traditional uses, secondary metabolites, and pharmacology of Celastrus species - A review. J. Ethnopharmacology. 241. 111934. 10.1016/j.jep.2019.111934.