Lesser Cardamom: The Queen of Spices

Capsules of lesser cardamom or chhoti elaichi

 

Botanical name: Elettaria cardamomum

English names: Cardamom, Cardamon, Malabar cardamom, Ceylon cardamom, Lesser cardamom

Indian names: Elaichi, Chhoti elaichi (Hindi, Punjabi, Gujrati, Marathi, Urdu), Trutih (Sanskrit), Elatarri (Malayalam), Elam Ancha (Tamil), Elaki (Telugu)

Family: Zingiberaceae

Chromosome No:  2n = 48, 50, 52

Plants bearing capsular fruits on a panicled infructescence arising from the rhizomes

(Photograph courtesy: Sh. Thilak Makkiseril, Kochi, Kerala) 

Cardamom, also known as the Queen of Spices, is one of the most expensive (after vanilla and saffron) spices in the world. Commercially used parts are fruit and seeds. It is a spice of choice with large number of medicinal and culinary uses. There are two varieties of E. cardamomum i.e. E. cardamomum var. major (wild) and E. cardamomum var. minor (cultivated).

Origin and Distribution

Cardamom is a native to Kerala, Karnataka and the forests of the Western Ghats of Southwestern India. It is widely cultivated in India, Guatemala and Sri Lanka. Now, Guatemala is the largest producer and exporter of cardamom in the world, followed by India.

Plantations of lesser cardamom forming an archway

(Photograph courtesy: Sh. Thilak Makkiseril, Kochi, Kerala) 

Morphology

Cardamom is a robust perennial herb growing in thick clumps and reaching up to 3 m tall. A large number of erect leafy shoots (composed of the leaf sheaths) arise from the branched rhizomes.  The flowering shoots also arise from the rhizomes, but are decumbent. The leaves are distichous, with sheathing bases and together form the pseudostem. The leaf blade is lanceolate, 25-100 cm × 5-15 cm in size and with acuminate apex. It is dark green and glabrous above and light green and pubescent beneath. The inflorescence is a prostrate panicle, up to 1.2 m long. The flowers are bisexual, zygomorphic, about 4 cm long with tubular and green calyx. The corolla is white with violet streaks, tubular, 3-lobed and forms a labellum. Fruit is a subcylindrical, pale green and trilocular capsule.

Lesser cardamom or chhoti elaichi flower

(Photograph source: Sailesh on Wikipedia) (@ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Flower_CardamomP1030443.JPG)

Chemical Constituents

Cardamom fruits (dry) contain 42 % carbohydrates, 10% proteins, 2% fat, , 20% fibre and 6% ash. The seeds of freshly harvested cardamom may contain up to 11% essential oils.  A number of potentially active ingredients are found in the seeds. The most important of them are terpenes, flavonoids and phenylpropanoids. Major consdtituents are α -terpinyl acetate (24-49%),  1,8-cineole (24-38%), linalool (5-6%), linalyl acetate (1-4%), β-pinene (6.2%), limonene (1-4%), eugenol and quercetin.

Developing fruits/capsules of lesser cardamom

(Photograph courtesy: Sh. Thilak Makkiseril, Kochi, Kerala) 

A lesser cardamom nursery in Shimoga, Karnataka

(Photograph courtesy: Sh. Rajendra Hindumane, Shimoga, Karnataka) 

Uses

1.    As Spice: Cardamom is extensively used for flavouring curries, teas and drinks.

2. Medicinal Uses: Many medicinal uses have been reported for cardamom. Cardamom is reported to reduce chronic inflammation and boost antioxidant activity. It lowers blood pressure and cholesterol level and improves the heart health. Cardamom improves the liver function, helps in digestive issues and reduce gut discomfort. It has antibacterial and antifungal activity. However, it may trigger a severe allergic reaction in rare cases.

3.    Mouth Freshener: Cardamom is an excellent mouth freshener.

4.    Flavouring of Eatables: Many eatables are flavoured with cardamom. 

References
Thakur, A.K., Bassi, S.K. and Kango, N. 2018. Economic Botany and Biotechnology. S. Dinesh and Co. Ltd., Jalandhar, Punjab.

ASHWAGANDHA: A HERBAL FOR MEMORY, STRESS, FERILITY & INFLAMATION

Botanical name: Withania somnifera 

(Etymology: Withania- on the name of English botanist, Henry Thomas Maire Witham; somnifera- sleep-inducing, referring to narcotic properties of the plant)

English names: Ashwagandha, Indian Ginseng, Poison Gooseberry, Winter Cherry

Indian names: Ashwagandha (Hindi, Marathi), Ashwagandha, Asgandh (Sanskrit), Amukkuram (Tamil), Vajigandha (Telegu), Kanchuki (Kannada), Ghodaasun (Gujrati), Amukkuram (Malayalam)

Family: Solanaceae

Chromosome No: 2n= 48 (x= 12)

Withania somnifera, commonly known as ashwagandha, is an important medicinal plant used in many Ayurvedic preparations. The roots (rarely berries) of this plant are used to prepare many different herbal medicines. It is native to the drier parts of India and can be seen growing naturally up to an altitude of 1,500 m. The Indian name, ashwagandha, is derived from the strong horse-like odour of the root.

BOTANICAL CHARACTERISTICS

Withania somnifera is a perennial undershrub. The stem is branched, and reaches about 1.5 m in height. All plant parts are covered with velvety and stellate tomentum. The branches are flexuous, terete and extend radially from the main stem. The leaves are dull green, elliptic, and usually up to 10-12 cm long. The flowers are small, greenish and bell-shaped. Fruit is a berry that remains covered with persistent papery sepals. Fruits are green initially but turn orange after ripening.

TRADITIONAL USES

Ashwagandha is used in Indian traditional systems of medicine for more than  4000 years. The roots, leaves, and fruits (berry) are reported to possess tremendous medicinal value. Many Ayurvedic rejuvenating preparations use ashwagandha as their key ingredient. It is supposed to help in maintaining proper nourishment of the muscles and bones. It is considered useful in maintaining the proper functioning of the adrenals and reproductive system.

CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS

The roots contain essential oils, alkaloids and steroidal compounds. The steroidal compounds include the lactones Withaferin A and carbon-27-glycowithanolide (collectively known as the Withanolides). The Withanolides are responsible for the medicinal properties of ashvagandha. The main alkaloids include tropine, pseudotropine, isopelletrine, anaferine, somniferene, withanine and saponins, which are also active principles in this plant. Alkaloid percentage in roots ranges from 0.13 to 0.31%.

USE IN MODERN MEDICINE

Ashwagandha is used in many herbal drug preparations for tonic, arthritis, anxiety, insomnia, asthma, bronchitis, backache, fibromyalgia, menstrual problems, hiccups, and chronic liver diseases. The root powder is considered a good adaptogen to help the body cope with daily stress. Recently, it has found its use in drugs for improving thinking ability, brain power, fertility problems in men and women, decreasing pain and swelling (inflammation). Ashwagandha is an integral component of some Ayurvedic drugs such as Abana , Aller-G Care, Ashwagandha capsules, Dia-Beta Plus, Geriforte , Immunol, Joint Aid plus, Male Support Formula, Mentat, Oxitard, Reosto and Tentex forte.

CULTIVATION

Ashwagandha is mostly grown in drier parts in subtropical regions comprising of Rajasthan, Punjab, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh. It is propagated through cuttings, division or seeds. Seeds are the best way to propagate them. It can be grown on any kind of soil which is not suitable for other commercial crops.